After resetting Chrome, the problem still exists on my notebook. Uninstall and reinstall the latest version of Chrome didn't solve the problem either.
After that I tried to log in on my pc with Chrome (the latest version) on Windows 11 and found out I have the same problem there.
Now I'm logged in and posting from Microsoft Edge because I can't log in on Chrome which is my default internet browser.

Ad blocker was the problem. After disabling it I can log in. After the reset and reinstall of Chrome I logged into chrome before logging in on the forum. That's why the ad blocker automatically got re-enabled. My mistake.